Amendments to the Constitution
 
 

ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENTS OF, THE

Amendments to the Constitution

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS,
AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO
THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION (See Note 12)

Article [I.] (See Note 13)

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Article [II.]

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to
keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Article [III.]

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner,
nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Article [IV.]

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Article [V.]

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or
in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just
compensation.

Article [VI.]

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an
impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which
district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his
defence.

Article [VII.]

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of
trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in
any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Article [VIII.]

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.

Article [IX.]

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.

Article [X.]

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

[Article XI.]

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or
equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State,
or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.

Proposal and Ratification

The eleventh amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures
of the several States by the Third Congress, on the 4th of March 1794; and was declared in a
message from the President to Congress, dated the 8th of January, 1798, to have been ratified by
the legislatures of three-fourths of the States. The dates of ratification were: New York, March
27, 1794; Rhode Island, March 31, 1794; Connecticut, May 8, 1794; New Hampshire, June 16,
1794; Massachusetts, June 26, 1794; Vermont, between October 9, 1794 and November 9,
1794; Virginia, November 18, 1794; Georgia, November 29, 1794; Kentucky, December 7,
1794; Maryland, December 26, 1794; Delaware, January 23, 1795; North Carolina, February 7,
1795.

Ratification was completed on February 7, 1795.

The amendment was subsequently ratified by South Carolina on December 4, 1797. New Jersey
and Pennsylvania did not take action on the amendment.

[Article XII.]

The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and
Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with
themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons
voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of
votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the
government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;--The President of the
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
certificates and the votes shall then be counted;--The person having the greatest number of votes
for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of
Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the
highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of
Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the
President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote;
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states,
and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of
Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon
them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. (See Note
14)--The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if
no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose
the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of
Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person
constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of
the United States.

Proposal and Ratification The twelfth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was
proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Eighth Congress, on the 9th of
December, 1803, in lieu of the original third paragraph of the first section of the second article;
and was declared in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of September,
1804, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 13 of the 17 States. The dates of ratification
were: North Carolina, December 21, 1803; Maryland, December 24, 1803; Kentucky,
December 27, 1803; Ohio, December 30, 1803; Pennsylvania, January 5, 1804; Vermont,
January 30, 1804; Virginia, February 3, 1804; New York, February 10, 1804; New Jersey,
February 22, 1804; Rhode Island, March 12, 1804; South Carolina, May 15, 1804; Georgia,
May 19, 1804; New Hampshire, June 15, 1804.

Ratification was completed on June 15, 1804.

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Tennessee, July 27, 1804.

The amendment was rejected by Delaware, January 18, 1804; Massachusetts, February 3, 1804;
Connecticut, at its session begun May 10, 1804.

Article XIII.

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Proposal and Ratification

The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the
legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-eighth Congress, on the 31st day of January,
1865, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 18th of
December, 1865, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the thirty-six
States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois, February 1, 1865; Rhode Island, February 2,
1865; Michigan, February 2, 1865; Maryland, February 3, 1865; New York, February 3, 1865;
Pennsylvania, February 3, 1865; West Virginia, February 3, 1865; Missouri, February 6, 1865;
Maine, February 7, 1865; Kansas, February 7, 1865; Massachusetts, February 7, 1865; Virginia,
February 9, 1865; Ohio, February 10, 1865; Indiana, February 13, 1865; Nevada, February 16,
1865; Louisiana, February 17, 1865; Minnesota, February 23, 1865; Wisconsin, February 24,
1865; Vermont, March 9, 1865; Tennessee, April 7, 1865; Arkansas, April 14, 1865;
Connecticut, May 4, 1865; New Hampshire, July 1, 1865; South Carolina, November 13, 1865;
Alabama, December 2, 1865; North Carolina, December 4, 1865; Georgia, December 6, 1865.

Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865.

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Oregon, December 8, 1865; California, December
19, 1865; Florida, December 28, 1865 (Florida again ratified on June 9, 1868, upon its
adoption of a new constitution); Iowa, January 15, 1866; New Jersey, January 23, 1866 (after
having rejected the amendment on March 16, 1865); Texas, February 18, 1870; Delaware,
February 12, 1901 (after having rejected the amendment on February 8, 1865); Kentucky, March
18, 1976 (after having rejected it on February 24, 1865).

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Mississippi, December 4, 1865.

Article XIV.

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall
make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their
respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not
taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice
President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers
of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of
such State, being twenty-one years of age,(See Note 15) and citizens of the United States, or in
any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens
shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President
and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any
State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the
United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of
any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by
a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including
debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or
rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States,
or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims
shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions
of this article.

Proposal and Ratification

The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the
legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-ninth Congress, on the 13th of June, 1866. It was
declared, in a certificate of the Secretary of State dated July 28, 1868 to have been ratified by
the legislatures of 28 of the 37 States. The dates of ratification were: Connecticut, June 25,
1866; New Hampshire, July 6, 1866; Tennessee, July 19, 1866; New Jersey, September 11,
1866 (subsequently the legislature rescinded its ratification, and on March 24, 1868, readopted
its resolution of rescission over the Governor's veto, and on Nov. 12, 1980, expressed support
for the amendment); Oregon, September 19, 1866 (and rescinded its ratification on October 15,
1868); Vermont, October 30, 1866; Ohio, January 4, 1867 (and rescinded its ratification on
January 15, 1868); New York, January 10, 1867; Kansas, January 11, 1867; Illinois, January 15,
1867; West Virginia, January 16, 1867; Michigan, January 16, 1867; Minnesota, January 16,
1867; Maine, January 19, 1867; Nevada, January 22, 1867; Indiana, January 23, 1867; Missouri,
January 25, 1867; Rhode Island, February 7, 1867; Wisconsin, February 7, 1867; Pennsylvania,
February 12, 1867; Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867; Iowa, March 16,
1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; Florida, June 9, 1868; North Carolina, July 4, 1868 (after
having rejected it on December 14, 1866); Louisiana, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on
February 6, 1867); South Carolina, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on December 20,
1866).

Ratification was completed on July 9, 1868.

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Alabama, July 13, 1868; Georgia, July 21, 1868
(after having rejected it on November 9, 1866); Virginia, October 8, 1869 (after having rejected
it on January 9, 1867); Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Texas, February 18, 1870 (after having
rejected it on October 27, 1866); Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected it on
February 8, 1867); Maryland, April 4, 1959 (after having rejected it on March 23, 1867);
California, May 6, 1959; Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on January 8,
1867).

Article XV.

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Proposal and Ratification

The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures
of the several States by the Fortieth Congress, on the 26th of February, 1869, and was declared,
in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated March 30, 1870, to have been ratified by the
legislatures of twenty-nine of the thirty-seven States. The dates of ratification were: Nevada,
March 1, 1869; West Virginia, March 3, 1869; Illinois, March 5, 1869; Louisiana, March 5,
1869; North Carolina, March 5, 1869; Michigan, March 8, 1869; Wisconsin, March 9, 1869;
Maine, March 11, 1869; Massachusetts, March 12, 1869; Arkansas, March 15, 1869; South
Carolina, March 15, 1869; Pennsylvania, March 25, 1869; New York, April 14, 1869 (and the
legislature of the same State passed a resolution January 5, 1870, to withdraw its consent to it,
which action it rescinded on March 30, 1970); Indiana, May 14, 1869; Connecticut, May 19,
1869; Florida, June 14, 1869; New Hampshire, July 1, 1869; Virginia, October 8, 1869;
Vermont, October 20, 1869; Missouri, January 7, 1870; Minnesota, January 13, 1870;
Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Rhode Island, January 18, 1870; Kansas, January 19, 1870;
Ohio, January 27, 1870 (after having rejected it on April 30, 1869); Georgia, February 2, 1870;
Iowa, February 3, 1870.

Ratification was completed on February 3, 1870, unless the withdrawal of ratification by New
York was effective; in which event ratification was completed on February 17, 1870, when
Nebraska ratified.

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Texas, February 18, 1870; New Jersey, February
15, 1871 (after having rejected it on February 7, 1870); Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after
having rejected it on March 18, 1869); Oregon, February 24, 1959; California, April 3, 1962
(after having rejected it on January 28, 1870); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected
it on March 12, 1869).

The amendment was approved by the Governor of Maryland, May 7, 1973; Maryland having
previously rejected it on February 26, 1870.

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Tennessee, November 16, 1869.

Article XVI.

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source
derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or
enumeration.

Proposal and Ratification

The sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the
legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-first Congress on the 12th of July, 1909, and was
declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of February, 1913, to have
been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Alabama, August 10, 1909;
Kentucky, February 8, 1910; South Carolina, February 19, 1910; Illinois, March 1, 1910;
Mississippi, March 7, 1910; Oklahoma, March 10, 1910; Maryland, April 8, 1910; Georgia,
August 3, 1910; Texas, August 16, 1910; Ohio, January 19, 1911; Idaho, January 20, 1911;
Oregon, January 23, 1911; Washington, January 26, 1911; Montana, January 30, 1911; Indiana,
January 30, 1911; California, January 31, 1911; Nevada, January 31, 1911; South Dakota,
February 3, 1911; Nebraska, February 9, 1911; North Carolina, February 11, 1911; Colorado,
February 15, 1911; North Dakota, February 17, 1911; Kansas, February 18, 1911; Michigan,
February 23, 1911; Iowa, February 24, 1911; Missouri, March 16, 1911; Maine, March 31,
1911; Tennessee, April 7, 1911; Arkansas, April 22, 1911 (after having rejected it earlier);
Wisconsin, May 26, 1911; New York, July 12, 1911; Arizona, April 6, 1912; Minnesota, June
11, 1912; Louisiana, June 28, 1912; West Virginia, January 31, 1913; New Mexico, February 3,
1913.

Ratification was completed on February 3, 1913.

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts, March 4, 1913; New Hampshire,
March 7, 1913 (after having rejected it on March 2, 1911).

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Connecticut, Rhode Island, and
Utah.

[Article XVII.]

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by
the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each
State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State
legislatures.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority
of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature
of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the
people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen
before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

Proposal and Ratification

The seventeenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the
legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-second Congress on the 13th of May, 1912, and
was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 31st of May, 1913, to have
been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were:
Massachusetts, May 22, 1912; Arizona, June 3, 1912; Minnesota, June 10, 1912; New York,
January 15, 1913; Kansas, January 17, 1913; Oregon, January 23, 1913; North Carolina, January
25, 1913; California, January 28, 1913; Michigan, January 28, 1913; Iowa, January 30, 1913;
Montana, January 30, 1913; Idaho, January 31, 1913; West Virginia, February 4, 1913;
Colorado, February 5, 1913; Nevada, February 6, 1913; Texas, February 7, 1913; Washington,
February 7, 1913; Wyoming, February 8, 1913; Arkansas, February 11, 1913; Maine, February
11, 1913; Illinois, February 13, 1913; North Dakota, February 14, 1913; Wisconsin, February
18, 1913; Indiana, February 19, 1913; New Hampshire, February 19, 1913; Vermont, February
19, 1913; South Dakota, February 19, 1913; Oklahoma, February 24, 1913; Ohio, February 25,
1913; Missouri, March 7, 1913; New Mexico, March 13, 1913; Nebraska, March 14, 1913;
New Jersey, March 17, 1913; Tennessee, April 1, 1913; Pennsylvania, April 2, 1913;
Connecticut, April 8, 1913.

Ratification was completed on April 8, 1913.

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Louisiana, June 11, 1914.

The amendment was rejected by Utah (and not subsequently ratified) on February 26, 1913.

Article [XVIII].(See Note 16)

Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or
transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation
thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage
purposes is hereby prohibited.

Section. 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.

Section. 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to
the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within
seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Proposal and Ratification

The eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the
legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress, on the 18th of December, 1917, and
was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 29th of January, 1919, to
have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were:
Mississippi, January 8, 1918; Virginia, January 11, 1918; Kentucky, January 14, 1918; North
Dakota, January 25, 1918; South Carolina, January 29, 1918; Maryland, February 13, 1918;
Montana, February 19, 1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18, 1918; South Dakota,
March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, April 2, 1918; Arizona, May 24, 1918; Georgia, June 26, 1918;
Louisiana, August 3, 1918; Florida, December 3, 1918; Michigan, January 2, 1919; Ohio,
January 7, 1919; Oklahoma, January 7, 1919; Idaho, January 8, 1919; Maine, January 8, 1919;
West Virginia, January 9, 1919; California, January 13, 1919; Tennessee, January 13, 1919;
Washington, January 13, 1919; Arkansas, January 14, 1919; Kansas, January 14, 1919;
Alabama, January 15, 1919; Colorado, January 15, 1919; Iowa, January 15, 1919; New
Hampshire, January 15, 1919; Oregon, January 15, 1919; Nebraska, January 16, 1919; North
Carolina, January 16, 1919; Utah, January 16, 1919; Missouri, January 16, 1919; Wyoming,
January 16, 1919.

Ratification was completed on January 16, 1919. See Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368, 376
(1921).

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Minnesota on January 17, 1919; Wisconsin,
January 17, 1919; New Mexico, January 20, 1919; Nevada, January 21, 1919; New York,
January 29, 1919; Vermont, January 29, 1919; Pennsylvania, February 25, 1919; Connecticut,
May 6, 1919; and New Jersey, March 9, 1922.

The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Rhode Island.

Article [XIX].

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Proposal and Ratification

The nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the
legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-sixth Congress, on the 4th of June, 1919, and was
declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 26th of August, 1920, to have
been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois,
June 10, 1919 (and that State readopted its resolution of ratification June 17, 1919); Michigan,
June 10, 1919; Wisconsin, June 10, 1919; Kansas, June 16, 1919; New York, June 16, 1919;
Ohio, June 16, 1919; Pennsylvania, June 24, 1919; Massachusetts, June 25, 1919; Texas, June
28, 1919; Iowa, July 2, 1919; Missouri, July 3, 1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana, August
2, 1919; Nebraska, August 2, 1919; Minnesota, September 8, 1919; New Hampshire, September
10, 1919; Utah, October 2, 1919; California, November 1, 1919; Maine, November 5, 1919;
North Dakota, December 1, 1919; South Dakota, December 4, 1919; Colorado, December 15,
1919; Kentucky, January 6, 1920; Rhode Island, January 6, 1920; Oregon, January 13, 1920;
Indiana, January 16, 1920; Wyoming, January 27, 1920; Nevada, February 7, 1920; New Jersey,
February 9, 1920; Idaho, February 11, 1920; Arizona, February 12, 1920; New Mexico,
February 21, 1920; Oklahoma, February 28, 1920; West Virginia, March 10, 1920; Washington,
March 22, 1920; Tennessee, August 18, 1920.

Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920.

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut on September 14, 1920 (and that State
reaffirmed on September 21, 1920); Vermont, February 8, 1921; Delaware, March 6, 1923
(after having rejected it on June 2, 1920); Maryland, March 29, 1941 (after having rejected it on
February 24, 1920, ratification certified on February 25, 1958); Virginia, February 21, 1952
(after having rejected it on February 12, 1920); Alabama, September 8, 1953 (after having
rejected it on September 22, 1919); Florida, May 13, 1969; South Carolina, July 1, 1969 (after
having rejected it on January 28, 1920, ratification certified on August 22, 1973); Georgia,
February 20, 1970 (after having rejected it on July 24, 1919); Louisiana, June 11, 1970 (after
having rejected it on July 1, 1920); North Carolina, May 6, 1971; Mississippi, March 22, 1984
(after having rejected it on March 29, 1920).

Article [XX.]

Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of
January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the
years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of
their successors shall then begin.

Section. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall
begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Section. 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect
shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have
been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall
have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall
have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President
elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President,
or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act
accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

Section. 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons
from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice
shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom
the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon
them.

Section. 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the
ratification of this article.

Section. 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to
the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from
the date of its submission.

Proposal and Ratification

The twentieth amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the legislatures of the several
states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 2d day of March, 1932, and was declared, in a
proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 6th day of February, 1933, to have been
ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Virginia, March
4, 1932; New York, March 11, 1932; Mississippi, March 16, 1932; Arkansas, March 17, 1932;
Kentucky, March 17, 1932; New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolina, March 25, 1932;
Michigan, March 31, 1932; Maine, April 1, 1932; Rhode Island, April 14, 1932; Illinois, April
21, 1932; Louisiana, June 22, 1932; West Virginia, July 30, 1932; Pennsylvania, August 11,
1932; Indiana, August 15, 1932; Texas, September 7, 1932; Alabama, September 13, 1932;
California, January 4, 1933; North Carolina, January 5, 1933; North Dakota, January 9, 1933;
Minnesota, January 12, 1933; Arizona, January 13, 1933; Montana, January 13, 1933; Nebraska,
January 13, 1933; Oklahoma, January 13, 1933; Kansas, January 16, 1933; Oregon, January 16,
1933; Delaware, January 19, 1933; Washington, January 19, 1933; Wyoming, January 19, 1933;
Iowa, January 20, 1933; South Dakota, January 20, 1933; Tennessee, January 20, 1933; Idaho,
January 21, 1933; New Mexico, January 21, 1933; Georgia, January 23, 1933; Missouri,
January 23, 1933; Ohio, January 23, 1933; Utah, January 23, 1933.

Ratification was completed on January 23, 1933.

The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts on January 24, 1933; Wisconsin,
January 24, 1933; Colorado, January 24, 1933; Nevada, January 26, 1933; Connecticut, January
27, 1933; New Hampshire, January 31, 1933; Vermont, February 2, 1933; Maryland, March 24,
1933; Florida, April 26, 1933.

Article [XXI.]

Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby
repealed.

Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the
United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof,
is hereby prohibited.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to
the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within
seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Proposal and Ratification

The twenty-first amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the several states by the
Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of February, 1933, and was declared, in a
proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 5th day of December, 1933, to have been
ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Michigan, April 10, 1933;
Wisconsin, April 25, 1933; Rhode Island, May 8, 1933; Wyoming, May 25, 1933; New Jersey,
June 1, 1933; Delaware, June 24, 1933; Indiana, June 26, 1933; Massachusetts, June 26, 1933;
New York, June 27, 1933; Illinois, July 10, 1933; Iowa, July

Amendment XXII

Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no
person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a
term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the
President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of
President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who
may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this
article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the
remainder of such term.

Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to
the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from
the date of its submission to the states by the Congress.

Amendment XXIII

Section 1. The District constituting the seat of government of the United States shall appoint in
such manner as the Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and
Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a state, but in no
event more than the least populous state; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the
states, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice
President, to be electors appointed by a state; and they shall meet in the District and perform
such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XXIV

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for
President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or
Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by
reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XXV

Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the
Vice President shall become President.

Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall
nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both
Houses of Congress.

Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge
the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the
contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the
executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the
President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their
written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office,
the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting
President.

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall
resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the
principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law
provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of
the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge
the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling
within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one
days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within
twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both
Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice
President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President
shall resume the powers and duties of his office.

Amendment XXVI

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote,
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age.

Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XXVII

No law varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives shall take
effect until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

NOTES

Note 1: This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy signed by Gen. Washington and
the deputies from 12 States. The small superior figures preceding the paragraphs designate
Clauses, and were not in the original and have no reference to footnotes.

The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on September 17, 1787, and was
subsequently ratified by the several States, on the following dates: Delaware, December 7,
1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2,
1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28,
1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788.

Ratification was completed on June 21, 1788.

The Constitution was subsequently ratified by Virginia, June 25, 1788; New York, July 26,
1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790; and Vermont, January
10, 1791.

In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an alteration in the Articles
of Confederation, but no action was taken on it, and it was left to the State Legislatures to
proceed in the matter. In January 1786, the Legislature of Virginia passed a resolution providing
for the appointment of five commissioners, who, or any three of them, should meet such
commissioners as might be appointed in the other States of the Union, at a time and place to be
agreed upon, to take into consideration the trade of the United States; to consider how far a
uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interest and
their permanent harmony; and to report to the several States such an act, relative to this great
object, as, when ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress effectually to
provide for the same. The Virginia commissioners, after some correspondence, fixed the first
Monday in September as the time, and the city of Annapolis as the place for the meeting, but
only four other States were represented, viz: Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania; the commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina,
and Rhode Island failed to attend. Under the circumstances of so partial a representation, the
commissioners present agreed upon a report, (drawn by Mr. Hamilton, of New York,)
expressing their unanimous conviction that it might essentially tend to advance the interests of
the Union if the States by which they were respectively delegated would concur, and use their
endeavors to procure the concurrence of the other States, in the appointment of commissioners to
meet at Philadelphia on the Second Monday of May following, to take into consideration the
situation of the United States; to devise such further provisions as should appear to them
necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the
Union; and to report such an act for that purpose to the United States in Congress assembled as,
when agreed to by them and afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State, would
effectually provide for the same.

Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor of a convention, and the
Legislatures of those States which had not already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island)
promptly appointed delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George
Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the consideration of the
proposed constitution was commenced. On the 17th of September, 1787, the Constitution as
engrossed and agreed upon was signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of
Massachusetts, and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of Virginia. The president of the convention
transmitted it to Congress, with a resolution stating how the proposed Federal Government
should be put in operation, and an explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September, 1787,
directed the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning the same, to "be
transmitted to the several Legislatures in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates
chosen in each State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention."

On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing the operations of
Government under the new Constitution, it had been ratified by the conventions chosen in each
State to consider it, as follows: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12,
1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9,
1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23,
1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June 25, 1788; and New York, July 26, 1788.

The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that North Carolina had ratified
the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he informed Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, that
Rhode Island had ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Vermont, in convention, ratified the
Constitution January 10, 1791, and was, by an act of Congress approved February 18, 1791,
"received and admitted into this Union as a new and entire member of the United States."

Note 2: The part of this Clause relating to the mode of apportionment of representatives among
the several States has been affected by Section 2 of amendment XIV, and as to taxes on incomes
without apportionment by amendment XVI.

Note 3: This Clause has been affected by Clause 1 of amendment XVII.

Note 4: This Clause has been affected by Clause 2 of amendment XVIII.

Note 5: This Clause has been affected by amendment XX.

Note 6: This Clause has been affected by amendment XXVII.

Note 7: This Clause has been affected by amendment XVI.

Note 8: This Clause has been superseded by amendment XII.

Note 9: This Clause has been affected by amendment XXV.

Note 10: This Clause has been affected by amendment XI.

Note 11: This Clause has been affected by amendment XIII.

Note 12: The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States (and two others, one
of which failed of ratification and the other which later became the 27th amendment) were
proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September 25, 1789.
The first ten amendments were ratified by the following States, and the notifications of
ratification by the Governors thereof were successively communicated by the President to
Congress: New Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina,
December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790;
Delaware, January 28, 1790; New York, February 24, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790;
Rhode Island, June 7, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; and Virginia, December 15, 1791.

Ratification was completed on December 15, 1791.

The amendments were subsequently ratified by the legislatures of Massachusetts, March 2,
1939; Georgia, March 18, 1939; and Connecticut, April 19, 1939.

Note 13: Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th articles of amendment had numbers assigned to
them at the time of ratification.

Note 14: This sentence has been superseded by section 3 of amendment XX.

Note 15: See amendment XIX and section 1 of amendment XXVI.

Note 16: Repealed by section 1 of amendment XXI.